Switch thirsty crops, water by drip
Where most water goes to fields, moving from paddy and sugarcane to millets, pulses or maize, and from flood to drip or sprinkler irrigation, saves more than any recharge can add.
Groundwater level in Villupuram
85%Semi-critical
Groundwater is under pressure here. That is the 2025 stage of groundwater extraction: water pumped out in a year as a share of what rain and other sources safely put back. Down 6 points since 2017.
806 million m³pumped out each year (2025)
945 million m³can be taken out safely each year
Noneno yearly shortfall
99%goes to irrigation; the rest to homes and industry
Extraction since 2009
Each point is one CGWB assessment. Over-exploited means more water leaves the ground than comes back, so the water table keeps falling. Hover over or tap a point to see why it moved.
Safe · up to 70%Semi-critical · 70–90%Critical · 90–100%Over-exploited · above 100%
Show the numbers
| Year | Stage | Pumped out | Safe limit | Category | What changed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | 77.0% | 1.7 billion m³ | 2.2 billion m³ | Semi-critical | First assessment in this series. |
| 2013 | 98.0% | 1.5 billion m³ | 1.5 billion m³ | Critical | Pumping down 13% (1.7 → 1.5 billion m³). Safe limit down 31% (2.2 → 1.5 billion m³). Main reason: less water soaked back in, from weaker rain, less canal seepage or more paved ground. A swing this large usually comes partly from revised estimates (a new well count or changed district boundaries), not only from changes on the ground. |
| 2017 | 91.2% | – | – | Critical | CGWB changed its method in 2017 (GEC-97 to GEC-2015), so part of this change comes from the new method. |
| 2020 | 103.4% | 917 million m³ | 886 million m³ | Over-exploited | Up 12 points since 2017. |
| 2022 | 89.5% | 831 million m³ | 928 million m³ | Semi-critical | Pumping down 9% (917 → 831 million m³). Safe limit up 5% (886 → 928 million m³). Main reason: less water was pumped out, mostly for irrigation (886 → 816 million m³). |
| 2023 | 88.2% | 839 million m³ | 951 million m³ | Semi-critical | Pumping up 1% (831 → 839 million m³). Safe limit up 2% (928 → 951 million m³). |
| 2024 | 87.3% | 816 million m³ | 934 million m³ | Semi-critical | Pumping down 3% (839 → 816 million m³). Safe limit down 2% (951 → 934 million m³). |
| 2025 | 85.3% | 806 million m³ | 945 million m³ | Semi-critical | Pumping down 1% (816 → 806 million m³). Safe limit up 1% (934 → 945 million m³). |
Million m³: 1 million m³ = 100 crore litres. 2009 and 2013 used the older GEC-97 method.
Loading 20 years of rainfall…
What will fix it here
Most of the water here goes to farming, so using less on fields matters as much as recharge.
Revive village ponds and johads
Desilting old ponds and opening their feeder channels restores natural recharge. A one-hectare pond that soaks in a metre of water over the monsoon puts back about a crore litres.
Rooftop rainwater recharge
Pipe roof water through a silt trap and filter into a recharge pit or an old borewell. Every 100 m² of roof puts back tens of thousands of litres a year, right where the pumping happens.
Recharge pits and shafts in open land
Parks, campuses, warehouse yards and road sides can take recharge shafts that reach past the clay layer, so runoff that floods streets goes down to the aquifer instead.
Check dams and contour trenches
On sloping or rocky land, small dams on seasonal streams and trenches along contours slow water down long enough for it to sink in.
Treat and reuse wastewater
Treated water from a sewage treatment plant can run flushing, gardens, cooling towers and construction, which today often draw on borewells.
Frequently asked questions
What is the groundwater level in Villupuram?
In the 2025 Central Ground Water Board assessment, Villupuram (Tamil Nadu) pumped out 85% of the groundwater that can be safely taken out each year, which puts it in the "semi-critical" category. That is 6 points lower than in 2017.
Is groundwater in Villupuram over-exploited?
No. At 85% of the safe yield, Villupuram is semi-critical, though recharge is still needed as demand grows.
How can groundwater be recharged in Villupuram?
Rooftop rainwater harvesting into recharge pits or old borewells, recharge shafts in open land, reviving ponds, check dams, treating and reusing wastewater, and moving farms to drip irrigation and less thirsty crops.
Other districts in Tamil Nadu
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