Switch thirsty crops, water by drip
Where most water goes to fields, moving from paddy and sugarcane to millets, pulses or maize, and from flood to drip or sprinkler irrigation, saves more than any recharge can add.
Groundwater level in Thoothukudi
28%Safe
Groundwater use is within safe limits here. That is the 2025 stage of groundwater extraction: water pumped out in a year as a share of what rain and other sources safely put back. Down 15 points since 2017.
214 million m³pumped out each year (2025)
775 million m³can be taken out safely each year
Noneno yearly shortfall
96%goes to irrigation; the rest to homes and industry
Extraction since 2009
Each point is one CGWB assessment. Over-exploited means more water leaves the ground than comes back, so the water table keeps falling. Hover over or tap a point to see why it moved.
Safe · up to 70%Semi-critical · 70–90%Critical · 90–100%Over-exploited · above 100%
Show the numbers
| Year | Stage | Pumped out | Safe limit | Category | What changed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | 62.0% | 288 million m³ | 463 million m³ | Safe | First assessment in this series. |
| 2013 | 43.0% | 217 million m³ | 507 million m³ | Safe | Pumping down 25% (288 → 217 million m³). Safe limit up 9% (463 → 507 million m³). Main reason: less water was pumped out, mostly for irrigation (253 → 201 million m³). |
| 2017 | 43.0% | – | – | Safe | CGWB changed its method in 2017 (GEC-97 to GEC-2015), so part of this change comes from the new method. |
| 2020 | 45.0% | 217 million m³ | 482 million m³ | Safe | Little change since 2017 (+2.0 points). |
| 2022 | 35.8% | 195 million m³ | 546 million m³ | Safe | Pumping down 10% (217 → 195 million m³). Safe limit up 13% (482 → 546 million m³). Main reason: more water soaked back into the ground, from better rain, canals or recharge structures. |
| 2023 | 38.9% | 201 million m³ | 517 million m³ | Safe | Pumping up 3% (195 → 201 million m³). Safe limit down 5% (546 → 517 million m³). Main reason: less water soaked back in, from weaker rain, less canal seepage or more paved ground. |
| 2024 | 34.9% | 216 million m³ | 620 million m³ | Safe | Pumping up 8% (201 → 216 million m³). Safe limit up 20% (517 → 620 million m³). Main reason: more water soaked back into the ground, from better rain, canals or recharge structures. |
| 2025 | 27.6% | 214 million m³ | 775 million m³ | Safe | Pumping down 1% (216 → 214 million m³). Safe limit up 25% (620 → 775 million m³). Main reason: more water soaked back into the ground, from better rain, canals or recharge structures. |
Million m³: 1 million m³ = 100 crore litres. 2009 and 2013 used the older GEC-97 method.
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Ponds and lakes in Thoothukudi
568 of 1,278 water bodies (44%) are not in use: dried up, silted, built over or polluted. Bringing them back is one of the cheapest ways to recharge groundwater.
Loading the map of water bodies in Thoothukudi…
- Ponds342
- Tanks651
- Lakes6
- Check dams and percolation tanks39
- Others240
Source: 1st Census of Water Bodies, Ministry of Jal Shakti (counted in 2018-19, published 2023).
What will fix it here
Groundwater here is in balance. Keeping it that way means recharging as the area builds up and paves over.
Revive village ponds and johads
Desilting old ponds and opening their feeder channels restores natural recharge. A one-hectare pond that soaks in a metre of water over the monsoon puts back about a crore litres.
Rooftop rainwater recharge
Pipe roof water through a silt trap and filter into a recharge pit or an old borewell. Every 100 m² of roof puts back tens of thousands of litres a year, right where the pumping happens.
Recharge pits and shafts in open land
Parks, campuses, warehouse yards and road sides can take recharge shafts that reach past the clay layer, so runoff that floods streets goes down to the aquifer instead.
Check dams and contour trenches
On sloping or rocky land, small dams on seasonal streams and trenches along contours slow water down long enough for it to sink in.
Treat and reuse wastewater
Treated water from a sewage treatment plant can run flushing, gardens, cooling towers and construction, which today often draw on borewells.
Frequently asked questions
What is the groundwater level in Thoothukudi?
In the 2025 Central Ground Water Board assessment, Thoothukudi (Tamil Nadu) pumped out 28% of the groundwater that can be safely taken out each year, which puts it in the "safe" category. That is 15 points lower than in 2017.
Is groundwater in Thoothukudi over-exploited?
No. At 28% of the safe yield, Thoothukudi is safe, though recharge is still needed as demand grows.
How can groundwater be recharged in Thoothukudi?
Rooftop rainwater harvesting into recharge pits or old borewells, recharge shafts in open land, reviving ponds, check dams, treating and reusing wastewater, and moving farms to drip irrigation and less thirsty crops.
How many ponds and lakes are there in Thoothukudi?
The first Census of Water Bodies counted 1,278 water bodies in Thoothukudi, including 342 ponds. 568 of them were not in use.
Other districts in Tamil Nadu
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